lunes, 15 de agosto de 2005

La Utopía de Tomás Moro

Tomás Moro es una figura singular cuya influencia llega a nuestros días. Máximo exponente del Humanismo Renacentista, contemporáneo y amigo de Erasmo de Rotterdam, el cual, según ciertos estudiosos, habría colaborado en la principal obra de Moro, "Utopía". Para situarnos cabalmente en la época en que Moro escribió esta obra (año 1516, escrita en latín, traducida al inglés solo en el año 1551, dieciseis años después de su muerte) habría que recordar que recién habían pasado 24 años del descubrimiento del "nuevo mundo", los relatos de las culturas encontradas en esas tierras bárbaras, sobre todo de Américo Vespucio, causaron gran impresión en pensadores de la época y particularmente en Tomás Moro.
Antes de hablar de Utopía, es interesante destacar que Tomás Moro es tan importante para la Iglesia Católica como para los teóricos marxistas. En efecto, Moro fue canonizado por Pío XI en el año 1935, principalmente por oponerse al anglicanismo (lo que le costó literalmente su cabeza, ya que fue decapitado por el Rey Enrique VIII), y los marxistas lo consideran como el padre de la primera sociedad comunista. Como quien dice, "estar bien con Dios y con el Diablo".
Ahora bien, Utopía es una muy interesante obra, sobre todo poniéndonos en el contexto histórico en que fue escrita. Es una crítica, a veces despiadada, de la sociedad europea de la época. No sé si por haber sido escrita en latín no tuvo mayor impacto mediático (aunque, claro está, la gente culta sabía latín), ya que bien le pudieron cortar la cabeza antes por criticar de esa manera a las clases privilegiadas.
Utopía es una isla, un paraíso socialista en que la propiedad privada ha sido abolida, en que no hay diferencias sociales, en que no tienen importancia ni el dinero ni las joyas, donde se trabaja seis horas diarias y las demás se destinan al cultivo del espíritu. En esta sociedad, la medicina es para todos, existe la eutanasia, hay abundancia de alimentos y cada cual pide lo que desea sin contraprestación de ninguna especie. En fin, un verdadero paraíso que se contraponía ferozmente con la sociedad inglesa de la época.
Se profesaba una religión semejante a la Católica, pero se predica total tolerancia de culto, lo que quizá debió llevar a la práctica Moro para conservar su cabeza sobre su cuello, cuando no aceptó al Rey Enrique VIII como cabeza del Anglicanismo.
Esta situación ideal y las críticas que se derivan de ella, son abordadas en la obra a través de los diálogos que mantienen los protagonistas: Pedro Egidio, Rafael Hytlodeo, un navegante portugués, y el propio Tomás Moro, todos de una cultura y experiencia amplísimas. Resulta sorprendente la justificación económica que le da Moro a la delincuencia, ya que en esa época el robo era castigado con la muerte. Moro, en boca de Hytlodeo dice, a grosso modo, que el ladrón se ve en la obligación de robar ya que no tiene otra alternativa luego de que los grandes señores feudales no le daban tierra para trabajarla y no podían emplearse en nada, amén que la pena no se condice con el delito. Un adelantado, sin duda.
Para terminar, quisiera hablar del título. Utopía deriva del griego u-topos, que significa literalmente "no lugar", es decir, ninguna parte, un lugar no existente, pero posible y deseable, según el mismo Tomás Moro.

43 comentarios:

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histórico, personal, biográfico y de raíz grecolatina... redondo.
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Gracias por tus comentarios. Es rico que la lectura de este blog pueda llevar a la lectura (relectura, en tu caso) de un libro. Reconforta

Un beso

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